(Part 1 of 2)

Sleep is a natural regularly occurring physiological function, where humans and other animals reduce physical and mental activity, lessen responsiveness to stimuli, and particular patterns of brain activity occur (Ettinger 2018). Prolonged lack of sleep or sleep deprivation can cause impaired memory formation as well as adverse effects on the brain’s other cognitive functions such as learning, language, reason, and perception. Sleep deprivation has also been linked to significant mental diseases, such as depression, psychosis, and bipolar disorder (Horowitz, 2020). Physical problems attributed to consistent lack of sleep include weakening of the immune system, headaches, heart disease, fainting, weight gain or weight loss, blurred vision, and hernias. Other related ailments may include obesity, cancer, stroke, asthma, high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, and kidney failure. Severe sleep deprivation in humans can also be fatal, where a rare neurological ailment called fatal familial insomnia, results in damage to areas of the thalamus (Horowitz, 2020).

Studies with REM-deprived sleep participants showed the effects of decreased ability to concentrate on tasks, increased irritability, hostility, anxiousness, and aggressiveness. Studies also showed that REM-starved participants entered into REM sleep almost as soon as they were permitted to nod off, throughout a one-week experiment. Participants experienced a REM rebound effect, where they spent roughly 50 percent more time in REM than they did before the start of the experiment. This REM rebound effect seems to occur immediately after a duration of forced wakefulness during a night’s sleep. Physiological changes in animals have been observed in other studies regarding REM deprivation, with effects of weight loss, deteriorated appearance, skin lesions, increased energy expenditure, decreased body temperature, and even death. Researchers think that if humans experienced similar circumstances of sleep deprivation used in animal studies, similar outcomes would present (Ettinger 2018). 

Studies show that sleep is necessary, but exactly why is not clear. Theories exist that we require sleep to conserve energy, avoid predation, and memory aid. However, none of these theories are widely accepted by psychologists. Another theory is that sleep helps in mental and physical restoration. Sleep is thought to restore resources that are drained during our daily activities. Studies show that people often sleep longer after particularly tiring events helps to support this theory. Unsettled evidence shows that specific types of tissue restoration might happen during sleep. Growth hormone is secreted at increased levels during Stage 4 sleep as well as brain neurotransmitters possibly being restored during sleep. Other research indicates that sleep is essential for brain homeostasis.  Additionally, research suggests that metabolic waste that accumulates from neural activity is eliminated from the brain and cerebral spinal fluid, while only occurring during sleep (Ettinger 2018).  This theory has merit, as other relative studies offer further evidence of sleep quality affecting health and well-being, specifically with intensive care unit (ICU) patients (Pisani, 2015). I find it hard to discredit this theory, just based on personal experience with almost everyone I have ever known or met, expressing how much more restored, refreshed, and energetic they are when they have regular quality sleep.

I feel that American culture in general, does not pay much attention to preventing disease and illness, let alone the specific issue of sleep deprivation. We have gradually grown into a nation where we live for our pleasures today, with little regard for the consequences that will come tomorrow. Many see modern allopathic medicine and its many pharmaceutical options, as the only path to fix all of our ills. There is a plethora of medications that we can take to keep us awake when we don’t get enough sleep. Conversely, we also have a wide variety of other pharmaceuticals to help us sleep when we are too awake, anxious, or stressed. I have two college-aged kids, who are learning how to manage and navigate their college lives of studies and social life, while also trying to stay safe and healthy in the process. I don’t really think the issue of college student sleep deprivation has changed much over the last few decades, as far as young adults exercising their independence and learning of their limits. What has changed, I believe is the acceptance of legal as well as illegal drugs being used to manage the ups and downs of coping with the on-campus “college life”. Additionally, the last 2 years of dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly added to the recipe for potential psychological issues. Many people of all ages have experienced stress as they attempt to balance their relative circumstances. Many people were inside more which may have led to a more sedentary lifestyle, eating more poor-quality food, drinking more alcohol, consuming more recreation and medicinal drugs, and other issues that can affect the quality of sleep. Consequently, I think the more relative issue that is yet to unfold, is how has the management of the pandemic affected sleep quality across many demographics? This topic will probably take years to study to draw any logical conclusions.

References:

Ettinger, R. H. (2018). Psychology: The Science of Behavior (6th ed.). BVT Publishing.

Horowitz, D. (2020). Sleep deprivation. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.

Pisani, M. (2015). Sleep in the intensive care unit: An oft-neglected key to health restoration. Heart & Lung : The Journal of Critical Care, 44(2), 87. https://doi-org.northernvermont.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2015.01.007

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