When humans and other animals learn to relate their behavior with reinforcing or punishing consequences, this is referred to as operant conditioning. In the Operant Conditioning Theory, there are basically four methods consisting of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment (Ettinger, 2018). 

Reinforcement is a method that increases the chances and frequency that a response may occur. Positive reinforcers are stimulus awarded after a response that increases the probability of the response. Negative reinforcers are when stimulus is removed following a desired response, which increases the probability of the initial response (Ettinger, 2018). An example of positive reinforcement would be awarding a child an allowance for completing their chores. An example of negative reinforcement would be removing a curfew for a child completing their homework early. Specific techniques such as shaping, verbal instruction, physical guidance, modeling, and increasing motivation can be implemented to encourage the manifestation of an initial desired operant response. The schedule at which reinforcements are administered can also affect the response behavior. A continuous reinforcement schedule occurs when behavior is reinforced every time it takes place (Ettinger, 2018). An example of this would be rewarding a dog with a treat after it sits still for a determined amount of time. A partial reinforcement schedule occurs when behavior is reinforced for only part of the time (Ettinger, 2018). An example of this would be a fisherman being rewarded with catching fish throughout the day, but with the time in between catches varying. Partial schedules of reinforcement are slower to be instilled but are noticeably more lasting than when no reinforcement is implemented at all. Partial reinforcement schedules breakdown further into either ratio or interval schedules, where both may be either variable or fixed (Ettinger, 2018). 

Punishment is a method where a stimulus implemented, either added (positive punishment) or removed (negative punishment) following a response affects a decrease in the frequency or chances of that response occurring. A punishment effectiveness in creating a desired change in behavior is determined by the punishment’s consistency, intensity, moderation and if there is a delay between a response and punishment. Also, combining a punishment with positive reinforcement may improve the effectiveness of the punishment (Ettinger, 2018). An example of positive punishment would be adding a curfew to a child in response to the child not completing their homework. An example of negative punishment would be to take away internet access due to the child not completing their homework.

Building of self-discipline and its relative behavior, is something that I was introduced to, through martial arts. I was 16 years-old at the time, and I experienced a very rigidly formatted version of operant conditioning. This is a very instrumental age for most people, where adolescence offers a time to begin to develop a sense of self, independence, identity, and self-awareness (Author Removed at Request of Original Publisher, 2015). Positive reinforcement is a tool used not only in most modern martial arts systems today, but also in coaching of sports, in schools, and other places of exercise to enhance fitness, well-being, self-discipline, stress management and many other reasons. In most martial arts schools, reinforcement and punishment are implemented as methods of operant learning. An individual is often rewarded here with a positive stimulus for a behavior that may be perceived as improving or growing stronger in character or punished by removal of stimulus for not improving or demonstrating good judgement. Particular to martial arts training, when a student starts on this path, most are educated that there exists a work and reward system of positive reinforcement delivered through a belt system. The belts range from the color spectrum where a white belt is a beginner to a blackbelt as having more proficiency, and then various degrees of blackbelt reflecting more expertise. When a student puts in the time and effort towards practicing and attempting to perfect the various exercises, techniques and relative sets or forms, they receive a reward of the next colored belt. I see the scheduling of this technique as partial reinforcement, in that a student doesn’t receive a new belt reflecting their progression after every class, but rather over a longer length of time demonstrating continual improvement.

Conversely, many instructors will use some methods of negative punishment where they maybe remove one-on-one time or personal instruction if a student does not demonstrate improvement of their skills or is perceived as not being serious about their own personal development. Or another example would be positive punishment where a student would be encouraged to stay after class to practice more in order to demonstrate that they are indeed serious about improving. While some of these methods may appear as outdated, harsh, or lacking compassion, I actually see them as being quite the opposite. If the end result and goal is for the individual to develop self-discipline and the infinite number of benefits that come with this trait, then the methods do justify the outcomes.

If instructors, coaches, teachers, and other positions of authority are to use punishment and other apathetic forms of control, they must be conscious of their potential impact. Although punishment may affect a response, it may also condition dysfunctional behaviors in the individual, by cultivating a conflict within the student-teacher relationship (Leeder, 2022).

References:

Author Removed At Request Of Original Publisher. (2015, October 26). 6.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity – Introduction to Psychology. Pressbooks. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/6-3-adolescence-developing-independence-and-identity/

Ettinger, R. H. (2018). Psychology: The Science of Behavior (6th ed.). BVT Publishing.

Leeder, T. (2022) Behaviorism, Skinner, and Operant Conditioning: Considerations for Sport Coaching Practice, Strategies, 35:3, 27-32, DOI:10.1080/08924562.2022.2052776

File:Operant conditioning diagram.png – Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Operant_conditioning_diagram.png

Admin, & Admin. (2023, June 30). B.F. Skinner’s Theory of Operant Conditioning. Communication Theory. https://www.communicationtheory.org/b-f-skinners-theory-of-operant-conditioning/

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